南京市饮用水源地抗生素污染特征及风险评估

采用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱技术（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）,对南京市饮用水源地抗生素含量及分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,17个采样点总浓度为0.56~1994.96 ng·L^-1,共检出5种大环内酯类、13种磺胺类、3种四环素类、8种喹诺酮类抗生素,平均浓度为0.30~37.07 ng·L^-1,其中检出浓度最高的抗生素为环丙沙星（CIP）,浓度为317.60 ng·L^-1,检出率最高的抗生素为克林霉素（CLI）,检出率为88.24%.与国内部分河流相比,南京市饮用水源地水体中大环内酯类、四环素类、喹诺酮类抗生素残留浓度处于较高水平.生态风险评估结果表明,点位S7具有最高的联合风险熵值（24.58）,氧氟沙星（OFX）的风险熵值最高,达到13.06;健康风险评估结果表明,9种抗生素对人体健康的风险熵Q_H为1.70×10^-3~9.47,强力霉素（DOX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、恩诺沙星（ERX）、CIP和OFX对大部分年龄段的人体健康具有高水平风险.     

滇黔桂岩溶区河漫滩土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险

利用全国地球化学基准计划在滇黔桂岩溶区35个点位采集的70件河漫滩表、深层土壤样品,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素含量特征,探究了重金属来源、污染状况及潜在生态风险.结果表明,8种重金属元素含量大部分均高于全国土壤背景值,在滇东南地区含量最高,桂西北地区最低.表层土壤Cd、Hg明显富集,As、Cr、Cu、Ni与深层土壤含量相当;As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn在农田、菜地中明显高于深层土壤,Cr、Cu和Ni在各类土地中与深层土壤相当.因子分析结果显示,表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni受地质背景控制,As、Pb、Zn既与地质背景有关,也受人为活动影响,Hg受人为活动影响较严重;深层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn继承了区域母岩特征,As、Hg和Pb受地质背景和人为活动双重影响.地累积指数法和富集因子法污染评价结果表明,研究区河漫滩表层土壤中Cd、Hg污染较重,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn大部分为轻度污染或无污染.各重金属潜在生态风险指数高低顺序依次为Hg > Cd > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn,Cd和Hg的生态风险指数之和占综合指数的82.43%,生态风险最高;滇东南地区重金属潜在风险综合指数最高,具重度生态风险.     

酸性紫色水稻土颗粒有机质对镉的吸附特性

采集典型的酸性紫色水稻土（APPS）,从中分离出颗粒有机质（POM）,通过批量试验研究POM及其来源土壤Cd²⁺的吸附动力学、等温吸附和热力学特征,通过扫描电镜-能谱仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪等手段及吸附前后镉的形态变化的测定,研究了POM对Cd²⁺的吸附机制.结果表明：POM对Cd²⁺的亲和力远高于其来源土壤.POM及土壤对Cd²⁺的吸附动力学最优模型均为准二级动力学.Langmuir、Freundlich方程均能较好地描述其等温吸附特征,其中对POM,以Freundlich方程更优,表明POM对Cd²⁺的吸附属于多分子层的非均质吸附.吸附热力学参数△G^θ均小于0、△H^θ和△S^θ均大于0,表明吸附属于自发吸热过程.根据△H^θ值及解吸试验判定POM对Cd²⁺的吸附以化学吸附为主,土壤对Cd²⁺的吸附过程以物理吸附为主.吸附平衡后,土壤中可交换态镉比例提高,而POM中交换态和络合态镉比例增加.综上及吸附前后POM的表征结果说明,POM对Cd²⁺的吸附机制包括含氧官能团的络合、离子交换、阳离子-π键、沉淀作用和静电吸附.     

2018年春节期间京津冀地区污染过程分析

为了解2018年春节期间京津冀地区空气污染情况,利用近地面污染物浓度数据、激光雷达组网观测数据,结合WRF气象要素、颗粒物输送通量和HYSPLIT气团轨迹综合分析污染过程.结果表明,春节期间出现3次污染过程.春节前一次污染过程,各站点PM_2.5浓度均未超过200μg/m³;除夕夜,廊坊站点PM_2.5峰值浓度达到504μg/m³,是清洁天气的26倍;年初二~初五,各站点PM_2.5始终高于120μg/m³,且污染主要聚集在500m高度以下,北京地区存在高空传输,800m处最大输送通量达939μg/（m³·s）,此次重污染过程为一次典型的区域累积和传输过程.京津冀地区处于严格管控状态时,燃放烟花爆竹期间PM_2.5峰值浓度可达无燃放时PM_2.5峰值的3.2倍.为防止春节期间重污染现象的发生,需对静稳天气下燃放烟花炮竹采取预防对策.     

Density functional theory (DFT) studies of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and basic structure models, the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts were summarized. Reasonable structural models (non-periodic and periodic structural models) are the basis of density functional calculations. A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface, and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a non-periodic model. It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH₃ and NO react to produce N₂ and H₂O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism. NH₂NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction, with multiple production routes. Simultaneously, the effects of H₂O, SO₂ and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.     

Preparation of solar-enhanced AlZnO@carbon nano-substrates for remediation of textile wastewaters

Photoactive aluminum doped ZnO(AlZnO) was synthesized by sol-gel method.After that,AlZnO photocatalyst was deposited on five carbon-based materials(CBMs) using ultrasonic route followed by solid-state mixing using ball mill.The CBMs used were poly aniline(PANI),carbon nitride(CN),carbon nanotubes(CNT),graphene(G),and carbon nanofibers(CNF).The crystal phases,elemental compositions,morphological,and optical properties of the AlZnO@CBMs composites were investigated.Experimental results revealed that two of AlZnO@CBMs composites exhibited superior bleaching efficiency(100% removal) and photocatalytic stability(three cycles) for 50 μmol/L Methylene Blue(MB) contaminated water after 60 min irradiation in visible light at pH 6.5,0.7% H_2O_2,and 5 g/L inorganic salts.Under optimum conditions,AlZnO@CBMs nanocomposites were employed for the treatment of mixed dyestuffs composed of MB,Methyl Orange(MO),Astrazone Blue FRR(BB 69),and Rhodamine B(RhB) dyes under dark,ultraviolet,visible,and direct sunlight.For mixed dyestuffs,the AlZnO@G achieved the highest dye sorption capacity(60.91 μmol dye stuffs/g) with kinetic rate 8.22 × 10~(-3) min~(-1) in 90 min via multi-layer physisorption(Freundlich isotherm) on graphene sheet.In additions,AlZnO@CN offered the highest photo-kinetic rate(K_(photo)) of～54.1 × 10~(-3) min~(-1)(93.8% after 60 min) under direct sunlight.Furthermore,the selective radical trapping experiment confirmed that the holes and oxidative superoxide radicals are crucial on dyes photodegradation pathway.Owing to their superior performance,AlZnO@G and AlZnO@CN nanocomposites can offer an effective in-situ solar-assisted adsorption/photocatalytic remediation of textile wastewater effluents.     

Recent advances in catalytic decomposition of ozone

Ozone (O₃), as a harmful air pollutant, has been of wide concern. Safe, efficient, and economical O₃ removal methods urgently need to be developed. Catalytic decomposition is the most promising method for O₃ removal, especially at room temperature or even subzero temperatures. Great efforts have been made to develop high-efficiency catalysts for O₃ decomposition that can operate at low temperatures, high space velocity and high humidity. First, this review describes the general reaction mechanism of O₃ decomposition on noble metal and transition metal oxide catalysts. Then, progress on the O₃ decomposition performance of various catalysts in the past 30 years is summarized in detail. The main focus is the O₃ decomposition performance of manganese oxides, which are divided into supported manganese oxides and non-supported manganese oxides. Methods to improve the activity, stability, and humidity resistance of manganese oxide catalysts for O₃ decomposition are also summarized. The deactivation mechanisms of manganese oxides under dry and humid conditions are discussed. The O₃ decomposition performance of monolithic catalysts is also summarized from the perspective of industrial applications. Finally, the future development directions and prospects of O₃ catalytic decomposition technology are put forward.     

基于边介数的省域生态廊道构建方法优化

我国城市建设和生态保护工作均对土地资源有大量需求,二者之间的矛盾在经济优先发展区表现尤为明显.为了有效地改善生态环境,管控土地利用并引导其变化发展,需要建设具备不可替代特征的省域生态廊道.最小累积阻力模型（minimum cumulative resistance,MCR）是识别生态廊道最常用、有效的模型,但在应用于省域尺度时,MCR模型识别的潜在廊道路由存在冗余的问题.因此,通过引入网络科学中的边介数指数（edge-betweenness）对MCR模型进行优化,计算潜在廊道路由的边介数指数值,选取出其中最为重要和简明的结构来连通生态源地,即提取潜在路由中的骨干路由（backbone route）和关键战略点（key strategic point）作为不可替代的结构来指导省域生态廊道建设.将优化后的MCR模型应用于广东省,构建了全长5 493 km的省域生态廊道,其中包含生态源地20处,关键战略点11个,骨干生态廊道29条.骨干路由与关键战略点构成的不可替代省域生态廊道（irreplaceable provincial corridor）能够实现"廊道数量和占地面积最少、连通性基本不变"的目标.研究显示,边介数能够对潜在路由进行优化筛选,识别出维护省域生态安全的关键结构;不可替代生态廊道能够指导省域生态规划和土地空间的发展利用,并为更高水平的生态安全环境提供了演进的基础;同时也为土地资源紧张的地区提供了建设生态廊道的参考与依据.      

Chemical characteristics of road dust PM2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin

In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) fraction in road dust (RD_2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin, 30 road dust (RD) samples were collected in Kashi, Cele, and Yutian in the spring, 2018, and RD_2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach. Eight water-soluble ions, 39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM_2.5 were analyzed. Ca²⁺ and Ca were the most abundant ions and elements in RD_2.5 (7.1% and 9.5%). Cl^- in RD_2.5 was affected not only by attributed to saline-alkali soils in oasis cities of the Tarim Basin and dust from Taklimakan Desert but also by human activities. Moreover, the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio indicated that carbon components in RD_2.5 in Cele town mainly come from fossil fuel combustion, while those in Yutian and Kashi mainly come from biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that high Ca in RD_2.5 was seriously affected by anthropogenic emissions, and high Na and K contents in RD_2.5 could be derived from soil and desert dust. It was estimated that Cd, Tl, Sn and Cr were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the enrichment factor. The coefficients of divergence (COD) result indicated that the influence of local emission on road dust emission is greater than that of long-distance transmission. This study is the first time to comprehensively analyze the chemical characteristics of road dust in oasis cities, and the results provides the sources of road dust at the margin of Tarim Basin.     

外加氮源影响下铁铝氧化物在土壤氮素转化中的作用

土壤中铁铝氧化物在团聚体稳定性和有机碳吸附方面具有重要作用,而氮添加对土壤氮循环影响的变化也可能与其有关,但是目前尚缺乏在氮循环方面的研究.为了探究铁铝氧化物在土壤氮素转化中的作用,选择福建省建瓯罗浮栲森林土壤为研究对象,采用选择性溶提技术准备不同的土壤——未经处理（T1）的土壤和去除游离态铁铝氧化物（T2）土壤、去除非晶质铁铝氧化物（T3）土壤、去除络合态铁铝氧化物（T4）土壤,在这些土壤中添加不同形态氮（40 mg/kg）——丙氨酸（氨基酸态氮,AA）、硫酸铵（铵态氮,AN）、硝酸钠（硝态氮,NAN）和亚硝酸钠（亚硝态氮,NIN）,进行室内培养试验,分析氮含量变化和氮素转化情况.结果表明:①与CK处理相比,AA和AN处理均增加了T1土壤中w（NH₄+-N）,NAN处理增加了w（NO₃--N）,但低于添加量,表明添加氨基酸和铵态氮均会促进氮矿化,添加硝态氮会增加NO₃--N的固定且抑制其硝化.②在CK处理下,与T1土壤相比,T2和T4土壤中w（NH₄+-N）、w（NO₃--N）和w（氨基酸）均降低,但T3土壤中w（NH₄+-N）和w（氨基酸）增加、w（NO₃--N）降低,表明土壤中游离态氧化铁铝和络合态氧化铁铝的存在有助于氮素矿化,非晶质氧化铁铝有助于硝化.③在不同氮处理下,各土壤的氮含量及其转化速率与CK处理规律相似.与CK处理相比,各氮处理均未显著增加T2和T4土壤中w（NH₄+-N）,且AA和AN处理均未影响T2、T3和T4土壤中w（NO₃--N）和w（氨基酸）.结果显示,氮添加并没有改变铁铝氧化物的作用,其中,矿化和氨化作用均表现为游离氧化铁铝>络合氧化铁铝>非晶质氧化铁铝,硝化作用表现为非晶质氧化铁铝>游离氧化铁铝>络合态氧化铁铝.因此,土壤铁铝氧化物的不同存在状态应该是调节氮素转化的重要土壤条件.